(1869–1931), rabbi, essayist, and advocate of nonviolence. Born in a village in the Grodno district, Aharon Shemu’el Tamares (who often signed his publications with the pseudonym Aḥad ha-Rabanim ha-Margishim) studied at Kolel ha-Perushim in Kovno, followed by two years at the Volozhin yeshiva. In 1893, he became the rabbi of the village of Milejczyce (in the Białystok region), succeeding his father-in-law.
Tamares joined the Zionist movement and defended it against traditionalist opposition; he expressed his views in the pages of Ha-Melits (1899, nos. 56–70) and elsewhere. Elected to the Fourth World Zionist Congress as a delegate from Brest Litovsk (Brisk), Tamares attended the congress, held in London in 1900, but returned disillusioned with political Zionism. In his book Sefer ha-yahadut veha-ḥerut, published by Ḥayim Naḥman Bialik and S. Borishkin (1905), he criticized the aspirations of Zionists for the Jewish people to be like all the other nations, characterizing this type of thinking as a departure from Judaism’s emphasis on justice.
In 1912, Tamares published two books. Sefer musar ha-Torah veha-yahadut includes several of his sermons; one, for the Sabbath preceding Passover, strongly endorses nonviolence as a Jewish value. Sefer ha-emunah ha-tehorah veha-dat ha-hamonit contains a “critique of the false piety [hitḥasdut] of the masses, called, in the language of the street, frumkayt.” Tamares’s contribution to a symposium on the future of Judaism in the journal He-‘Atid (5 [1913]: 190) includes the assertion that “for us, the Jewish people, our entire distinctiveness is the Torah and Judaism; the kingdom of the spirit is our state territory.” In this essay and elsewhere, Tamares attacks Jewish nationalism as a subversion of the purpose of the Jewish people, which inheres in ethics and spirituality. Thus, he argued, Jewish life in exile has a positive value.
Tamares’s commitment to pacifist values intensified after World War I, and was expressed in his Keneset Yisra’el u-milḥamot ha-goyim (1920), which advocated enoshiyut—“humanism.” His pacifism and opposition to Zionism both found expression as well in a book published partly in response to the Hebron riots of 1929: Sheloshah zivugim bilti hagunim (1930). Tamares also published articles in Hebrew journals, such as Ha-Tsefirah (1920) and Kolot (1923, vols. 6–8), and in Yiddish publications, including Fraynd (e.g., 1911, no. 120, in reaction to the Beilis trial); the Warsaw daily Dos yidishe ort (e g., 1917, no. 219); the Folkist organ, Dos folk (1922); and Agudas Yisroel’s Der yud.
In 1912, Ḥayim Tchernowitz invited Tamares to take over the yeshiva and rabbinical seminary Tchernowitz had founded in Odessa, but Tamares found the city uncongenial and, reportedly after only two days there, returned to Milejczyce. He published Yad Aharon, a book of novellae (ḥidushe Torah) in 1923. It included a responsum, previously published separately in 1910, that permitted a man to marry a second wife because his first wife had become incurably insane. Alienated from both the stultified orthodoxy of his fellows and the modern ideologies of the acculturated, Tamares was a highly idiosyncratic and isolated figure whose work awaits systematic scholarly analysis.
Everett E. Gendler, “Ancient Visions, Future Hopes: Rabbi Aaron Samuel Tamaret’s Objection to Zionism As We Know It,” Tikkun 18.4 (2003): 25–30; Ehud Luz, Wrestling with an Angel: Power, Morality, and Jewish Identity, trans. Michael Swirsky (New Haven, 2003); Zalman Reisen (Rejzen), “Tamares Arn-Shmuel,” in Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese, un filologye, vol. 4, cols. 897–902 (Vilna, 1929); Aaron Samuel Tamares, “Politics and Passion: An Inquiry into the Evils of Our Time,” trans. Everett E. Gendler, Judaism 12 (1963): 36–56; Aaron Samuel Tamares, “Passover and Non-Violence,” trans. Everett E. Gendler, Judaism 17 (1968): 203–210; Aaron Samuel Tamares, Patsifizm le-or ha-Torah (Jerusalem, 1992); Stephen L. Weinstein, “Galut (Exile): A Mission or a Curse?; The Writings of Aharon Shmuel Tamares, 1869–1931,” Jewish Quarterly 26.2 (1978): 21–26; Aaron Zeitlin (Arn Tseytlin), “Arn Shmuel Tamares,” Tog-Morgn-Zhurnal (22 September 1961).