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… , derived from medieval German city dialects, themselves recombined) with Hebrew and … This “dialect neutrality” principle meant that vibrant colorful variants of both the western and eastern dialects were shut out of Yiddish literature (they are known to scholars from personal letters, Christian works, and the “reconstructive” evidence of living dialects from later times) …

… The first two treat Hebrew and Yiddish, respectively, from a linguistic perspective, including their historical development, dialects, and status. Planning and Standardization of Yiddish describes …

… and linguistic importance: they stand at the threshold of the shift from premodern literary Yiddish, based on Western European dialects, to modern literary Yiddish, based on East European dialects …

… Research Yiddish Dialects!; … accordingly given to Northeastern (“Lithuanian”) and Southeastern (“Ukrainian”) Yiddish but none to the most populous dialect area, Mideastern (“Polish”) Yiddish …

… Mordkhe Veynger’s suicide in 1929, Vilenkin became the leading Minsk-based Yiddish linguist, continuing Veynger’s two main projects: a Yiddish academic dictionary and an atlas of Yiddish dialects …

… Solomon Birnbaum (in Hamburg) attempted to formulate a difference between dialects and literary languages, and Evgenii Kagaroff (of Leningrad) discussed peculiarities of Yiddish syntax and the use of …

… to impose a unified “standard language” on various dialects, mainly by means of the school system and mandatory … not live among Russians but among speakers of local dialects or minority languages …

… number of books in the field, including Die Entstehungsursache der jüdischen Dialekte (The Reasons for the Emergence of Jewish Dialects; 1915) and Die Jiddische Sprache (The Yiddish Language; 1924) …

… field of Yiddish linguistics include laying the basis for the contemporary division of Yiddish dialects, efforts to make Yiddish spelling more phonetic, and work to standardize grammar and …

Among the social dialects of Yiddish are the argots or ”slangs of various professions. … Unlike regional dialects, which may differ from the standard language in pronunciation, grammar, and lexicon, …

… Since dialects lack autonomy they are, by definition, hierarchically lower than, or subcategories of, truly autonomous language varieties—the purity drive in most post-maskilic Yiddish language …

… , Ashkenazic Jewry by the seventeenth century was coterminous with those who spoke Yiddish in its various dialects and followed Mosheh Isserles’ glosses to the Halakhic code, Shulḥan ‘arukh. …

… well as males—were again intensively using Ashkenazic Hebrew in its various former East European dialects for religious study and worship, although more often diglossically with Israeli Hebrew or …

… That Jews dominated this profession may be seen from the fact that the Hebrew word for coachman, ba‘al ‘agalah (Yid., balagole), was absorbed into a number of East European dialects. Data …

… the Jewish month of Adar (February or March in the Gregorian calendar), Purim (Pirem in Polish dialects of Yiddish) celebrates the survival of the Jews of Persia despite a plot to annihilate them, …

… meylekh, dos harts iz mir freylekh” (Our Father, the King, my heart rejoices); regional dialects (yakh instead of ikh for “I”) and dialectal rhymes (shvimen-kimen instead of shvimen-kumen [“ …

… , Ya(n)kev for Jacob; Sore for Sara and Rokhl for Rachel (at the end of the 1600s, the phonetic shift in the Yiddish dialects spoken in Poland and Ukraine gave rise to the forms Sure and Rukhl) …

… before the onset of the national movements that would create them as such, and the assumption that isolation from working-class elements or dialects is salutary seems transparently ideological …

… Volhynia, Belorussia, Galicia, and Poland; and Misnagdim from Lithuania retained the spoken languages they had brought with them (various dialects of Yiddish) and their particular religious customs …